a number sufficient for mass transmission do not unanimously deny what is known necessarily. Likewise, the founder states in this book that a large body of rational people cannot unanimously deny necessary truths. Yet that sweeping denial is not reported of any group of rational people, nor is it demonstrated that groups of rational people fall into any part of such denial. Both claims are false.

Rather, the truth is that rational people do not unanimously deny necessary knowledge without collusion and agreement, just as they do not unanimously lie without collusion and agreement. Allah Most High created human beings to know necessary truths without choosing to do so, although they may remain ignorant of some of them. He also created them with a natural disposition to report what they know, unless something intervenes to divert them from that disposition. Likewise, He created them with a natural inclination to desire justice and what is beneficial, unless something intervenes. Although the human being is indeed unjust and ignorant, this concerns many matters; it does not mean that an entire nation can be ignorant of everything, lie about everything, or act unjustly in everything. That never happens.

Human beings’ communal life in this world—the natural, instinctive association without which they cannot live—is inconceivable alongside such denial. They must acknowledge that each of them has a father, a mother, a brother, and so forth. Yet it is well known that none of them perceived with his own senses his father impregnating