the Brahmins, the Sumaniyyah—there is no doubt that this account involves error on the part of those reporting it and misrepresentation on the part of those they report about. Imam Ahmad, may Allah have mercy on him, mentioned the origin of this account when discussing how the Jahmiyyah first arose within this religious community. He said:

“Among the accounts that reached us concerning Jahm, the enemy of Allah, was that he was from Khurāsān, specifically Tirmidh, and was given to disputation