They rely only on what they find in the books of Jahmī speculative theologians. The most eminent authority on whose words they rely is Abū Abd Allāh Muhammad ibn Umar al-Rāzī, the leading figure among these later scholars. This required me to complete my response to “The Egyptian Objections to the Hamawī Fatwa” by examining what Abū Abd Allāh al-Rāzī presented in his book entitled “Establishing Divine Sanctity.”

The purpose is to distinguish clarification from obfuscation, thereby unravel the obfuscation, and establish a decisive judgment concerning the principles of speculative theology involved in this subject. These principles have occasioned so much dispute and contention within the Muslim community that people have fallen into what they were forbidden: differing over the Book and speaking about Allah without knowing truth from error. Indeed, they have fallen into various forms of doubt, without clarification from Allah or any evidence, and embraced what [contradicts