when it frees itself from the distractions of sensual desire and directs its thought toward what it seeks. They seek to substantiate this by appealing to the apparent meanings of many scriptural passages, such as Allah’s words:

“Fear Allah, and Allah teaches you.” [al-Baqarah 282]

And His words:

“As for those who strive for Us, We will surely guide them to Our ways. Indeed, Allah is with those who do good.” {69} [al-‘Ankabūt 69]

And His words:

“If you fear Allah, He will grant you a criterion.” [al-Anfāl 29]

There are many other scriptural passages thought to support this meaning. We say, however, that this method is not universal to human beings as such. If it were the method intended for humanity, rational inquiry would be invalidated, and its presence in human beings would be pointless. Yet the entire Quran calls to rational inquiry and reflection, and draws attention to the methods of inquiry.

Certainly, we do not deny that suppressing desires may be a condition for sound inquiry, just as good health is a condition for it. This does not mean that suppressing desires itself imparts knowledge