by the later Rāfidīs, who called the Muslim majority by this name. The esoteric Qarmatians adopted this usage from them, applying the label to anyone who accepted the validity of the outward meaning of the Sharia. Thus, they called anyone who affirmed the obligation of the five daily prayers, the prescribed zakat, fasting Ramadan, and pilgrimage to the Sacred House, and the prohibition of shameful deeds, injustices, and the like, a Hashwī—as we have seen stated in their writings.

The philosophers call anyone who affirms bodily resurrection and bodily bliss a Hashwī. The Mu‘tazilah’s Ash‘arī disciples adopted this usage from them and called those who affirmed what they denied concerning