in the existence of Allah Most High is possible only through reason. Yet they pursued paths to this end other than those prescribed by revealed Law.” He continued his discussion as we quoted from him earlier.

I say: As used by those who employ it, the term “Hashwiyya” does not designate a particular group whose members followed a doctrine propounded by its leader, as with the Jahmiyya, Kullābiyya, and Ashʿarīs. Nor does it designate a particular doctrine whose adherents would thereby bear that label. A group is distinguished only by identifying its doctrine or its leader. For this reason,