acknowledged the existence of the Creator, glorified and exalted is He. Hence Allah Most High said:

“If you ask them who created the heavens and the earth, they will certainly say, ‘Allah.’” [Luqmān 25]

It is possible for some people to be so naturally obtuse and dull-witted that they understand none of the proofs from revelation that the Lawgiver, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, has set forth for the general public. Such cases, however, are exceedingly rare. If such a person exists, his duty is to believe in Allah on the basis of what he is told. This, then, is the position of the Hashwiyya in relation to the apparent meaning of revealed Law.

Then he said, “As for the Ashʿarīs, they held that belief