all genuine, as will be explained, Allah Most High willing.

Further evidence of the inconsistency of both groups, who share in negation and the denial of divine attributes, is that every argument either advances against the other undermines its own doctrine just as it undermines its opponent’s. Thus, their discourse chiefly consists of each group exposing the other’s inconsistencies, although it too is inconsistent, as we have pointed out repeatedly.

This is illustrated by what this judge, Abū al-Walīd Ibn Rushd the grandson, mentioned in his book, which he called Manāhij al-adilla (Methods of Proof), in refutation of