indispensable to it. This is what craftsmanship means, and created things evidently resemble artifacts in this respect. So glory be to the All-Knowing Creator!

Thus, insofar as this premise is rhetorical, it may serve to persuade everyone; but insofar as it is false and negates the Maker’s wisdom, it is unsuitable for them. It negates wisdom because wisdom is nothing more than knowledge of the causes of a thing. If a thing has no necessary causes requiring it to exist in the form characteristic of its kind, then there is no knowledge peculiar to the wise Creator that distinguishes Him from others. Likewise, if there were no necessary causes governing the existence of artifacts, there would be no craftsmanship at all, nor any wisdom attributable to the craftsman as distinct from someone who is not a craftsman.

What wisdom would there be in the human being if all his actions and activities could be performed through any organ whatsoever, or without an organ at all, so that seeing, for example, could take place through the ear just as through the eye, and smelling could take place through the eye just as it could