—Exalted is He—people to recognize His existence, drawing their attention to this through the understanding of it that He has placed within their innate disposition. This original disposition, embedded in human nature, is indicated in His words, Exalted is He:

“And when your Lord took from the children of Adam—from their loins—their descendants and made them testify” [al-A‘rāf: 172]

down to His words, Exalted is He:

“Yes, we bear witness.” [al-A‘rāf: 172]

It may therefore be incumbent upon anyone whose aim is to obey Allah by believing in Him and complying with what His messengers have brought to follow this path, so as to become one of those endowed with knowledge who bear witness to Allah’s lordship, alongside His testimony to Himself and that of His angels. As He, Blessed and Exalted, says:

“Allah bears witness that there is no deity except Him, as do the angels and those endowed with knowledge. He upholds justice. There is no deity except Him, the Almighty, the All-Wise. (18)” [Āl ‘Imrān: 18]

The way existing things point to Him through these two aspects is the glorification referred to in His words, Exalted is He:

“There is nothing that does not glorify Him with praise, but you do not understand their glorification.” [al-Isrā’: 44]

It is thus clear that the proofs for the existence of the Maker, Exalted is He, are confined to these two kinds: the argument from providence and the argument from creation. These two approaches are precisely the approach of the elite—and I mean