saying:

“Or like layers of darkness in a deep sea, covered by a wave, above which is another wave, above which are clouds.” [al-Nūr 40]

He said: “He moves amid darkness in five respects: his speech is darkness, his deeds are darkness, his entrance is darkness, his departure is darkness, and his ultimate destination is darkness—the Fire.” This has been transmitted by most authors of Quranic commentaries, including Ibn Abī Hātim.

It is also reported from al-Suddī, concerning “Within it is a lamp,” that he said: “The lamp is light, faith and the Quran.” He said: “The glass is the heart, and the niche is the breast. Just as this lamp entered the glass and shone, so the heart shone, illuminating the house. Likewise, the light descended into the breast, illuminating the entire interior, so that nothing unlawful entered it.”

“Fire. Light upon light.” Al-Suddī said: “The light of the fire and the light of the oil shine when they come together; neither shines without the other. Likewise, the light of the Quran and the light of faith come together, and neither exists without the other.”

Some of the early generations said that the light is the light of the Quran; and in the words of