It has been shown elsewhere that these Jahmī speculative theologians and eternalist philosophers possess no rational proofs that can oppose the Quran or take its place. The methods they have followed to establish the Maker’s existence and His attributes are unsound; they cannot replace the Quran’s rational proofs of these matters, let alone stand against them. This is one way of exposing the unsoundness of their claim that such proofs should take precedence over the Quran’s evidence, whether rational or transmitted.

There is no doubt that their approach contains hypocrisy, heresy and ignorance beyond lengthy description. Hence leading scholars such as Ahmad ibn Hanbal said, “The scholars of speculative theology are heretics.” Yet those to whom they were referring were better than this man and his like. Likewise, al-Shāfiʿī said, “For a servant to be afflicted with every sin except