And the determinist Qadariyyah, the followers of Jahm ibn Safwān, say: “Rather, what is known through clear reason is that Allah created everything, that no one other than Allah can bring anything into existence, and that moral good and evil are intelligible only in relation to one who benefits from some things and is harmed by others. The Lord, exalted is He, is far above that, so He may do anything.” This, for them, is the foundational principle known through clear reason. Whatever agrees with it is unambiguous, and whatever contradicts it is ambiguous.

In his Quran commentary, al-Rāzī relies on this when answering his opponents’ arguments from the many verses cited by al-Qādī ʿAbd al-Jabbār and others. He responds with the argument concerning motive and knowledge, namely that Allah