the Quran—namely, their testimony, conveyed through mass transmission, that the messengers were men, that they called to worshipping Allah alone, and that they proclaimed the resurrection. The polytheists disputed these matters, whereas the People of the Scripture transmit, through numerous independent channels, reports from the earlier messengers that confirm Muhammad’s truthfulness (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and refute the polytheists. This is distinct from testimony specifically concerning Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).

Some have supposed that the Throne means sovereignty, although Allah Most High has made this matter unambiguous, explaining in several passages that the Throne is distinct from the heavens and the earth. For example, He says:

“It is He who created the heavens and the earth in six days, and His Throne was upon the water.” [Hūd 7]

And He says:

“Say: ‘Who is the Lord of the seven heavens and the Lord of the Mighty Throne?’” (86) [al-Mu’minūn 86]

This follows His words:

“Say: ‘To whom belongs the earth and whoever is in it?’” [al-Mu’minūn 84]

And He says:

“Those who bear the Throne and those around it glorify their Lord with praise.” [Ghāfir 7]

And He says:

“You will see the angels surrounding the Throne.” [al-Zumar 75]

He also describes the Throne as mighty, noble, and glorious. These and similar proofs clarify what is meant and establish that it is not sovereignty.