Zam'ah—the man to whose bed the child was attributed, the master of the slave woman, with whom he used to have intercourse.

In his letter to Abū Mūsā concerning judicial matters, Umar ibn al-Khattāb (may Allah be pleased with them both) wrote: “Recognize resemblances and parallels, and interpret matters according to your judgment.” Thus, a person knows that one thing resembles another while distinguishing