can be understood and known, and whose meaning can be grasped. Speech for which this is impossible contains neither clear evidence nor any explanation of the scriptures or anything else.

There are many such proofs in the Quran, and tracing them all would take too long. These are forty lines of argument, though closer reflection reveals that they are more numerous than that: a single line of argument contains one or more further arguments. Similar verses have been grouped as a single line of argument, although each is an independent proof. Thus, the proofs mentioned number more than a hundred, and many others have not been mentioned.