so the foundation of their position amounts to associating partners with Allah, manifest apostasy, and hypocrisy. I mean in the respect in which they oppose the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him), even though in another respect they believe in him and acknowledge what he brought. Yet they have believed in part and disbelieved in part. Some of them know this and are thus outright hypocrites; others are ignorant people for whom the matter has become confused, even though they may possess considerable merit. These people possess faith, and an erring person may be forgiven a misdeed committed in exercising independent judgment and seeking to follow the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him).

Hence, ‘Abd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak said:

“Nor do I profess Jahm’s doctrine,
For his teaching at times resembles the doctrine of polytheism.”

He also said: “We can indeed recount what the Jews and Christians say, but we cannot