so, he has assumed that nothing can be on high except a body, and has stated that this is known by necessity. This interpretation therefore indicates that Allah Most High is what they call a body, on the basis of these two instances of necessary knowledge:

The first is the necessary knowledge that, when servants turn to Allah and supplicate to Him, they turn upwards, both in their hearts and outwardly. It is impossible for them to turn towards something that is neither on high nor elsewhere, neither within the world nor outside it.

The second is the necessary knowledge that whatever is above the world extends in a direction, is separate from the world, and subsists in itself. This is what they mean by a body.

This is an argument that the disputant has no way of evading. It rests on two premises known by necessity, one of which he himself does not dispute, although many of