entails affirming place, and affirming place entails affirming corporeality.”

We have already quoted the remainder of his discussion verbatim, including his explanation that what is above the world—which is the direction in question—is not a place in the philosophers’ terminology. For Aristotle defines place as the inner surface of the enclosing body that touches the outer surface of the enclosed body. He went on to say:

“In ancient doctrines and bygone revealed religions, it was said that this region is the abode of spiritual beings, by which they mean Allah and the angels.”

He went on to say:

“It has thus become clear that affirming direction is required by revelation and reason, and that this is what revelation brought and upon which it was founded. To invalidate this principle is to invalidate the revealed religions.”

He thus reported the philosophers’ agreement on affirming direction. He said:

“All the philosophers have agreed that Allah Most High is in heaven ... and that, as stated in ancient doctrines and bygone revealed religions, that region—meaning what is above the world—is the abode of