as one who likens Him to creation. Likewise, those who deny such predications call anyone who says that Allah knows, has power, hears, and sees one who likens Him to creation.

Those who deny the attributes—the Jahmiyyah, the Muʿtazilah, and others—call anyone who says that Allah possesses knowledge and power, that the Quran is Allah’s uncreated speech, and that Allah Most High will be seen in the Hereafter one who likens Him to creation. They are among the groups most given to repeating this designation and condemning those to whom they apply it. Thus, when the early Muslims saw a man frequently condemning those who liken Allah to creation, they knew that he was a Jahmī who denied the divine attributes. They knew that the Jahmiyyah had included under this designation everyone who believed in Allah Most High’s names and attributes.

Those who deny that Allah is above His Throne call anyone who affirms this one who likens Him to creation. Those who deny the attributes conveyed in revelation and the concrete attributes likewise apply this designation to anyone who affirms them. The scope of this term is therefore broader or narrower according to the beliefs and terminology of those who use it. It is also known that the Muʿtazilah and others call al-Rāzī and his like people who liken Allah to creation. If he rejects this designation for himself on the grounds of his affirmations of Allah’s transcendence, then others are in exactly the same position. Moreover, this designation is not itself used as a term of censure in the Book or the Sunnah.

A work was also compiled by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm [ibn ʿUthmān] ibn ʿĪsā