as only the Lord of lords can enumerate, the Jahmiyyah—including the Mu'tazilites and others like them—have inherited the richest share of these thinkers’ legacy. There is no doubt that they must nevertheless differ with those among the latter who espouse radical negation and absolute denial, giving rise to intense disputes and debates between them.

The same is true of their relationship with the Magians concerning divine decree and actions. They have joined the Magians in likening the acts of Allah Most High to those of an individual human being, and have prescribed a law for Him by analogy with themselves. They thus impose upon Him obligations and prohibitions of the same kind as those binding upon them. Yet they disagree with the Magians concerning the two principles, light and darkness, and refute them. Nevertheless, despite their opposition to the Magians