better overall than any of the Muslim groups. For every group of Muslims who are truly Muslims possesses more unquestionable truth than the Jews and Christians do. But the issue here concerns their interpretations, which the proponents of affirmation dispute.

The followers of the two Scriptures undoubtedly possess truth handed down from the prophets, alongside falsehood they have invented and falsehood resulting from their distortions, just as these Jahmites and similar speculative theologians do. Nevertheless, there is no disagreement among Muslims that it is impermissible to follow them in their teachings and that they are astray. It is established in Sahīh al-Bukhārī that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said:

“If the People of the Book tell you something, neither believe nor disbelieve them, for they may tell you something true and you reject it, or something false and you believe it.”