and hearing and sight, as having speech that subsists in Him, and as being seen, and the like. They also reject the interpretations offered by the Jahmīs, among the Mu‘tazilah and others, concerning punishment in the grave, the Bridge, the Balance, and other matters. They and the Mu‘tazilah reject the Sabian philosophers’ interpretations of Paradise and Hell and the bliss and punishment within them. Philosophers of sound judgment, together with all the other speculative theologians, reject the Qarmatians’ and esotericists’ interpretations of prayer, zakat, pilgrimage, and other matters. Among the esotericists themselves, each group rejects the others’ interpretations, for there is protracted disagreement among them.

The Mu‘tazilah also reject the interpretations offered by the Ash‘arīs and similar groups of the verses in which Allah declares Himself free of injustice and affirms that His servants perform their own deeds, as well as their exclusion of righteous deeds from faith, and the like.