that are false, and believe their Lord to be as they suppose. False beliefs, suppositions, and imaginings are found on both sides—negation and affirmation—but falsehood is more prevalent on the side of negation than on the side of affirmation. Thus, among the Jahmī negationists are those who believe that Allah is absolute existence, that He is the very existence of existing things themselves, that He Himself is everywhere, and that the existence of all things is one existence. They profess the unity of existence [in] external reality and maintain that He is that very existence, along with other such beliefs which they claim to have attained through unveiling and direct witnessing.

These are false imaginings and suppositions: either they have no reality outside the mind, or they do have a reality, but it is something created, not the Creator, glorified be He. Likewise, they imagine and suppose that He is neither inside the world nor outside it, neither above nor below, neither this nor that. To people of sound reason, these are false imaginings and corrupt suppositions that apply only to what is nonexistent—indeed, to what is impossible. Hence, among these people are those who worship created beings and those who believe many created beings to be Allah,