is made and created. “Making,” when ascribed to Allah, Mighty and Majestic, can only mean creating, and the texts of the Quran bear witness to what we have stated. “The Light” is the Guide: His servants know only what He has taught them and perceive only what He has enabled them to perceive. The senses and reason are His creation and His gift.

Al-Khattābī said: “It is not permissible to imagine that Allah is one light among others, for darkness is light’s opposite and succeeds it, dispelling it. Exalted is Allah above having any opposite or equal.”