assent, and whatever is not assent is not faith. He maintains that assent involves both the heart and the tongue. Ibn al-Rāwandī also held this view.

He said: Ibn al-Rāwandī maintained that disbelief means denial, rejection, concealment, and covering. Thus, nothing can be disbelief unless it is disbelief in the linguistic sense, and nothing can be faith unless it is faith in the linguistic sense. He maintained that prostrating to the sun is not disbelief, but a sign of disbelief, because Allah Most High has made clear to us that only an unbeliever prostrates to the sun.

He said: The twelfth group of the Murjiʾah are the Karrāmiyyah, the followers of Muhammad ibn Karrām. They maintain that faith consists of profession and assent with the tongue, not with the heart, and they deny that knowledge in the heart or anything