and they do not hold that the Creator has parts fitted together or portions joined to one another. They claim that Allah is established over the Throne without contact or modality.”

He said: “The third sect claim that their Lord has human form, but deny that He is a body. The fourth are the followers of Hishām ibn Sālim al-Jawālīqī. They claim that their Lord has human form, but deny that He is flesh or blood. They say that He is a brilliant light, sparkling radiantly, and that He possesses five senses like those of a human being. He has a hand, a foot, a nose, an ear, and an eye. He hears with something other than that with which He sees; likewise, according to them, all His other senses are distinct from one another.

The fifth sect claim that the Lord of the worlds is pure radiance and unalloyed light. He is like a lamp that presents the same aspect from whichever direction you approach it. He has neither form nor limbs, nor any differentiation among His parts. They denied that He has human form or the form of any of