space and that which is not is analogous to dividing existence into that which is present in the mind and that which is not. Clearly, this is a mental division, not a division in external reality. For, according to this interpretation, everything that exists externally is present in the mind and is known. Likewise, according to this interpretation, everything that exists externally is in space.

There is nothing in existence of which it cannot be said that it is in something non-existent, even if that non-existent thing is called space or time. Nor is there anything in existence to which something else cannot be attributed or related. Indeed, if every existent can be accompanied by something in relation to which time is reckoned, then every existent is accompanied by something in relation to which space is reckoned.

As for a thing possessing neither beginninglessness nor its negation, the parallel is a thing possessing neither the property of being above nor its negation. Thus, someone’s statement, “A thing either has a beginning or is preceded by something else—or neither. If it has a beginning, it is the world and is originated; if it has no beginning, it is the eternal Lord,” parallels the statement, “A thing either has something above it, meaning that something else is higher than it, or it does not. If something else is higher than it, it is the world; if nothing else is higher than it, it is the Lord Most High, glorified and exalted is He.”

For this reason, the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said:

“You are the First, and there is nothing before You; You are the Last, and there is nothing after You; You are the Manifest, and there is nothing above You