their false idols, who, on passing a dead, mangy dog, said to al-Tilimsānī, “And this dog—is it also that?” He replied, “Is there anything outside the Essence?”

This al-Tilimsānī and all the other proponents of the unity of existence, such as Ibn ʿArabī al-Tāʾī, author of al-Fusūs and other works, Ibn Sabʿīn, Ibn al-Fārid, al-Qūnawī, the companion of Ibn ʿArabī and teacher of al-Tilimsānī, and Saʿīd