Islam. Hearts are innately disposed to loathe impurities, recoil from them, and regard avoiding them as good because they are foul. If a created servant—characterized by whatever deficiencies and faults Allah has willed, from which the Lord must be declared free—may not be where impurities are present, nor come into direct contact with them except out of necessity, and must cleanse himself of them when such necessity arises, then he must all the more purify himself when praying to his Lord.

If the Lord requires His servant, when addressing Him in prayer, to purify himself for Him and keep himself free of impurity, then declaring the Lord free of impurity and sanctifying Him above it is far more necessary. For it is known that the Lord is more deserving of being declared free of anything from which others should be kept free. Moreover, the One worshipped is greater than the worshipper. This is self-evident to reason, especially since He, glorified be He, is the Most Holy, the One free of all imperfection. The name al-Quddūs (the Most Holy) is derived from taqdīs (sanctification), which means purification; hence al-Quddūs is so named. The Jahmiyyah claim that they sanctify Him by denying His attributes, and they call their discourse