argue against the Jahmiyyah by pointing out that their position necessarily entailed His mingling with vile physical entities, such as impurities and devils. This argument was adopted from them by those who followed them in this matter among the speculative theologians who affirmed the divine attributes and others like them, as Judge Abū Bakr al-Bāqillānī mentioned in several places in his books. He said:

“If someone asks, ‘Do you then say that Allah is everywhere?’ the answer is: Allah forbid! Rather, He is established above the Throne, as He has stated in His Book, saying:

‘The Most Merciful is established above the Throne.’ {5} [Tā Hā 5]

He also said:

‘To Him ascends good speech, and righteous work raises it.’ [Fātir 10]