and likewise, two accidents inhering in a single substrate may be separate in essence and time. Yet we know necessarily that the separateness between the Creator and the world exceeds that between a substance and what inheres in it, or between two accidents inhering in a single substrate. There must therefore be some further separateness beyond these two cases, and no third kind is conceivable except separateness in place. It follows that the Creator, exalted is He, must be separate from the world in place, which entails His being in a direction.

He then said: “The answer to their first argument is that the substrate is separate from what inheres in it in essence and time, but one inheres in the other, while the other serves as its substrate. They also share origination, contingency, and dependence on an agent. As for the Creator, exalted is He, just as He differs from the world in essence and time, He neither inheres in it nor serves as its substrate; and there is commonality between them in origination, contingency, and dependence. Thus, since this was