Section

Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Rāzī also mentioned other arguments advanced by those who affirm direction in his Nihāyat al-ʿuqūl. We shall therefore also present here what he mentioned on both sides in the two books. He said:

“Those who affirm direction advanced four arguments. The first is that we know self-evidently that any two self-subsisting entities must be separate from one another. We know self-evidently that the separateness between two things must involve