His reality is negated. Moreover, they do not affirm the reality unique to Him, by which He is distinguished from His creation and by virtue of which His oneness is necessary. Existence as such is like being established, being, and being real: this much applies to everything He has created and fashioned. Yet He—glorified is He—is the Lord, Creator, and Originator of everything that exists besides Him. Nothing among these things is like Him. Glorified and exalted is He, far above what the wrongdoers say.

We have discussed this matter extensively elsewhere. It is the source of the notion of a shared reality and of the error found among groups of philosophers, those who identify Him with creation, and other heretics who fall within the general description of the Jahmiyyah, although they differ in degree in this respect. This arises from false analogy, likening others to the Lord of all worlds, and equating Him with others. As Allah Most High says:

“So they will be hurled into it, they and those who went astray, {94}
and all the hosts of Iblīs. {95}
They will say, as they dispute therein: {96}
‘By Allah, we were indeed in manifest error {97}
when we equated you with the Lord of all worlds. {98}
None led us astray but the criminals.’ {99}”
[al-Shuʿarāʾ 94–99]

Associating partners with Allah through false analogy originated with Iblīs, the first to draw an analogy