to essence, whereas his opponents affirm neither.”

The response is that statements of this kind recur in this man’s writings. This is a grave error concerning the most evident and elementary rational truths of universal science: the existence of the True One and the existence of creation. It consequently misleads those who report people’s doctrines. For the position of people generally—indeed, of created beings generally—who affirm the divine attributes, such as the Ash'arīs, the Karrāmīs, and others, is that existence is not predicated through verbal equivocation alone. The same applies to all the other names by which Allah is named and which may also be applied to His creatures, such as the Living, the All-Knowing, and the All-Powerful, for