Existent. Thus, seeing Allah is possible; indeed, He has a greater claim to being seen, since His existence is more perfect than that of anything else. Whoever understands this argument in this way will recognize that it is demonstrative and will be able to answer the many objections raised when it is presented in this form. Were this the place for it, we would do so in detail. Nevertheless, the basis for answering the objections he raised against this argument, as employed by Ibn al-Haysam on the question of Allah’s being above, has become clear from the discussion of seeing. It has also become clear that he did not formulate Ibn al-Haysam’s argument well.

If you wish to summarize this argument, say: Seeing is confined to what exists, to the exclusion of what does not. This restriction is due either to being existent, to something coextensive with it in scope, to something more general, or to something more specific. If seeing is possible in virtue of being existent, or in virtue of what