to it? Allah knows best what Ibn al-Haysam actually said and what this man reported from him. We, however, discuss what we have found, while recognizing that the Karrāmiyyah hold some innovative views concerning faith and other matters, just as the Ashʿarīs also hold innovative views. The purpose here, however, is to present their statements and those of the proponents of negation. There is no doubt that the leading Ashʿarīs—those based in Iraq, such as Abū al-Hasan the Elder, Abū al-Hasan al-Bāhilī, and Abū ʿAbd Allāh ibn