and astrologers, the Muʿtazilah and others—and despite his having exhausted every possible avenue offering even a semblance of an argument—one comes to recognize truths by which Allah guides whomever He wills among His servants. The final outcome belongs to the God-fearing. There is no power and no strength except through Allah.

He mentioned that they have two ways of establishing that any two existing things must necessarily be either co-located or separate from one another. The first is to claim that this is self-evident. He stated that he had already discussed this, referring the reader back to what preceded. We have already addressed what he said there in the introduction to his book, in a manner that makes the truth clear to anyone capable of even the slightest reflection. There is no power and no strength except through Allah.

The account he gives here of Ibn al-Haysam’s words in his debate with Ibn Fūrak has not reached us in full detail. However, some authors among the deniers have also mentioned that the two debated in the presence of the ruler, Sultan Mahmūd ibn