in a spatial magnitude. The division is then pursued to its conclusion, yielding the result that the Creator, exalted is He, must be either a spatial magnitude or something subsisting in a spatial magnitude. Yet they do not accept this.

Third: Of any two things existing in the observable realm, one must be either co-located with the other or separate from it in some direction, whatever that direction may be. The preceding division is then set out to show that this judgment is grounded in existence. Since the Creator, exalted is He, exists, it must therefore be possible for Him to be either co-located with the world or separate from it in any direction relative to the world. This entails that Allah would not be restricted to the direction above; indeed, it necessarily follows that His essence, exalted is He, could move from above to below. Yet they regard all of this as impossible.

Fourth: Of any two things existing in the observable realm, one must be either co-located with the other or separate from it in a spatial direction. Whatever is separate in a spatial direction must be either an indivisible atom or something composed of atoms. And the fact that every