spatially coincident or spatially separate is self-evident; an attribute established by inference cannot be the cause of a self-evident judgment.” We reply: This is not conceded, for we have shown that in many cases the cause is known by inference while the effect is self-evident.

Seventh question: We concede that the cause of this judgment is not temporal origination but existence. Yet why do you say that this judgment must apply to Allah, exalted is He? To explain: the desired conclusion would follow only if existence were one and the same in the observable and unseen realms. But if this were not the case, and the term “existence” applied to the observable and unseen realms only equivocally, then this argument would collapse entirely. Moreover, the Karrāmiyya cannot maintain that existence in