the proposition to be proved. This leads to circular reasoning, which is invalid.

Second, there is no doubt that everything other than Allah is either spatially coincident with something else or spatially separate from it. Nor is there any doubt that Allah differs from these two categories in His particular reality. Otherwise, He would be like substances and accidents, which would entail His being temporally originated, just as substances and accidents are temporally originated. That is impossible. Once this is established, we say that substances and accidents share the feature in respect of which there is a difference