arguments that what necessitates this judgment is not temporal origination.

The fourth premise explains that, since existence is what necessitates this judgment in the observable realm, and the Creator exists, the ground necessitating His being either spatially coincident with the world or separate from it in some direction is present in His case. Hence this judgment applies to Him.

Know that, in this premise, we need to establish that existence is one and the same reality in both the observable and the unobservable realms. This entails that His existence, exalted is He, is additional to His essence. Unless this principle is established, the intended conclusion cannot be reached. This is the fullest possible exposition of this specious argument. Anyone who compares our exposition of it with theirs will recognize the considerable difference between the two.

He said: “The reply is that this specious argument rests on the claim that, of any two existent things in the observable realm, one must be either spatially coincident with the other or