to Him, along with likenesses and names. They then negated His attributes, denying realities established for the Lord. They rejected what the Quran, Sunnah, and consensus explain and demonstrate concerning this, and denied the innate knowledge and knowledge derived through analogy present in people’s hearts. Thus they denied external reality and the knowledge established through prophetic revelation and recognized by the heart. They nullified both revelation and reason while claiming to uphold rational arguments, just as they nullified Allah’s oneness while claiming that they alone upheld it.

The ninth point: It may be said: You have stated, “If the Creator’s being above the world were a matter of spatial location and direction, then the direction’s elevation would be more perfect than the Creator’s.” Yet you have offered no proof for this other than your statement:

“For, supposing that Allah’s Essence were situated to the right or left of the world, He would not be described as being above the world. As for that direction which lies above, it cannot be conceived as existing without this elevation. Thus it is established that this direction is above the world in itself, and that whatever is situated in that direction is above, not in itself but as a consequence of being situated in that direction.”