even if they have spatial location in common, share only one particular property; sharing a property does not entail sharing an essence. If substances have not been established to be identical in nature, then it is not rationally implausible that there should exist substances necessarily confined to their own regions of space, such that they cannot leave those regions. In that case, the argument for bodies having come into existence would not apply to those things. On this supposition, you cannot be certain that all bodies have come into existence.

The response is that the premises of this argument have already been discussed on several occasions. It may be addressed from the two previously mentioned positions. The first is the position of those who say that He is above the Throne, yet is neither a body nor spatially located. As we have mentioned, this is the view of many groups of speculative theologians and jurists, and of those who follow them among the scholars of hadith, the Sufis, and others. This is the view of