rational terms, then particular things that come into being could necessarily belong to certain times rather than others, even though those times are likewise equal in rational terms. On this supposition, those things would have no need of a Maker. It would also be possible for a beginningless being necessarily to be nonexistent at certain times. This would foreclose any proof of the Maker’s existence, His necessary existence, or His beginninglessness.

Fourth: If He occupied a particular spatial region while being unable to leave it, He would be like a paralysed person who cannot move, or someone bound and prevented from moving. That is an imperfection, and imperfection is impossible for Allah.