it is not necessary for that essence to be situated in that spatial region, which is what was to be proved.

“Second: If He were necessarily situated in that direction and could not be situated in any other direction, that direction would differ in essence from all other directions. Directions would then have real existence. If Allah were necessarily situated in a direction without beginning or end, they would be committed to affirming another beginningless entity alongside Allah Most High from all eternity. That is impossible.

“Third: If something confined to a particular direction could be said to be necessarily confined to that direction, one could likewise claim that certain bodies necessarily occupy a particular spatial region, such that they cannot leave it. On this supposition, the proof that bodies have a beginning would not hold. It is thus established that anyone holding this position cannot affirm with certainty that all bodies have a beginning; rather, he must allow that some of them may be beginningless.

“Fourth: We know self-evidently that all spatial regions are equal, since they are pure emptiness and sheer void. And if they are all