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Al-Rāzī said: “The fourth proof that He cannot be situated in a direction or spatial region is that, if He were situated in any direction or spatial region, He would either be there necessarily or without its being necessary for Him to be there. Both alternatives are false. Thus, the claim that He, exalted is He, is situated in a direction is impossible.

“We say that He cannot be situated there necessarily for several reasons. First: His essence is equal to the essences of all other bodies insofar as it is situated in a spatial region and extends in a direction. Once equality in this respect is established, equality in the entirety of the essence is established, as we explained in the first proof that He is not a body. Once equality in every respect is established, whatever is possible for one of two equals must also be possible for the other. Since it is not necessary for the other essences to be situated in that spatial region, it follows that