finite holds whether it is said to be infinite in every direction or only in some directions.

Second, the side assumed to be infinite and the side assumed to be finite must either be identical in reality and essential nature or not be so. The first alternative entails that whatever is possible for either of these two sides must also be possible for the other. This would mean that the finite side could become infinite and the infinite side finite. This, in turn, would mean that separation and joining, increase and decrease, are possible with respect to the essence of Allah Most High, which is impossible.

As for the second alternative—namely, that one side differs from the other in reality and essential nature—we say that this is impossible for several reasons. First, it entails that His essence is composite, which is invalid, as we have explained. Second, we have explained that something occupying space means nothing other than a thing extended in