the existence of His effect, namely the world that is generated from Him. Nevertheless, He is necessarily existent, not contingently existent, and does not depend on anything other than Himself.

The twentieth point: His statement, “What is termed a spatial location or direction is something composed of parts and portions, since it can be measured in cubits and handspans. Whatever is like this depends on something other than itself and is contingent in itself. Thus, whatever depends on it is all the more clearly contingent.”

He may be told: It has already been explained that the existent spatial location which Allah’s essence is said to entail is not something separate from Him, such that one could ask whether or not it is composed of parts and portions. The proof advanced in this argument concerns only an existent spatial location separate from Allah Most High, such as the Throne. His opponents maintain that Allah’s essence does not entail the existence of an existent spatial location separate from Him. Some of them may merely say that He is upon the Throne