any difference in the true natures of the regions of space.

This is clarified by the ninth argument: regions of space whose existence is beyond doubt, such as air, surfaces, and the like, may have a living creature above them at one time and be above it at another. They may lie sometimes to its right and sometimes to its left, although their true natures remain the same in all these circumstances. No new attribute whatsoever arises in them as their position changes between above and below, right and left. If these regions of space are known to exist, and their directional relations continually vary between above and below, right and left, without any change occurring in them, how can it be claimed that, unless the regions constituting above, below, right, and left differed in their true natures and essences, it would be impossible to affirm that He must be in the direction above?

This is further clarified by the tenth argument: a person’s head should be specifically situated above the rest of his body; his right hand must be to his right, and his left hand to his left; his chest and abdomen must be at his front, his back behind him, and the soles of his feet beneath him. Yet although this necessity is known through sense perception, it is not due to any difference in the true natures of the directions associated with